Section 7: Quantum Model
Section 7A: Waves
Wavelength, Frequency, Electromagnetic Radiation, Continuous Spectrum, Speed of Light, Planck's Equation, Photons, Photoelectric Effect
Atoms do not behave like the macroscopic items that we have hands on experience with every day. Atoms have wave-like behavior, but before we study the wave properties of atoms, we need to make sure we understand the original wave (light). Light is another term for electromagnetic radiation. This radiation consists of several different types of rays that you have heard of. What you may not know is that each of these things are composed of the same types of particles. Although we all know who Albert Einstein is, do we know what he won his Nobel Prize for? It was not his Theory of Relativity, it was actually for his discovery of the photoelectric effect and that light had both wave and particle like properties.
Atoms do not behave like the macroscopic items that we have hands on experience with every day. Atoms have wave-like behavior, but before we study the wave properties of atoms, we need to make sure we understand the original wave (light). Light is another term for electromagnetic radiation. This radiation consists of several different types of rays that you have heard of. What you may not know is that each of these things are composed of the same types of particles. Although we all know who Albert Einstein is, do we know what he won his Nobel Prize for? It was not his Theory of Relativity, it was actually for his discovery of the photoelectric effect and that light had both wave and particle like properties.
BrightstormPractice |
Resources |
Section 7B: Bohr Model
Quantum, Bohr's Model, Rydberg Equation, Emission Spectroscopy (Line Spectra), Ground State, Excited State, de Broglie Relationship, Nodes, Particle/Wave Duality, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The physicist that we hear most about is Einstein, and with good reason. However, there were several individuals who Einstein considered his intellectual equal if not superior. Niels Bohr was one such individual. Although forgotten by popular society, Bohr was responsible for some of the largest leaps in our understanding of the atom. Johannes Robert Rydberg was responsible for mapping out the differences in energy that an electron can attain in a hydrogen atom. Louis de Broglie developed an equation that described the wave like behavior of matter, it turns out light and matter behave in similar ways. Werner Heisenberg made perhaps the most puzzling discovery about the atom, his uncertainty principle, it is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time. A way to think about this is if an electron wants to go from point A to point C, it needs to go through B. It turns out that is not true, an electron can go from A to C with ever existing in B.
The physicist that we hear most about is Einstein, and with good reason. However, there were several individuals who Einstein considered his intellectual equal if not superior. Niels Bohr was one such individual. Although forgotten by popular society, Bohr was responsible for some of the largest leaps in our understanding of the atom. Johannes Robert Rydberg was responsible for mapping out the differences in energy that an electron can attain in a hydrogen atom. Louis de Broglie developed an equation that described the wave like behavior of matter, it turns out light and matter behave in similar ways. Werner Heisenberg made perhaps the most puzzling discovery about the atom, his uncertainty principle, it is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time. A way to think about this is if an electron wants to go from point A to point C, it needs to go through B. It turns out that is not true, an electron can go from A to C with ever existing in B.
Section 7C: Schrodinger Equation
Schrodinger's Equation, Radial Probability, Orbitals, Quantum Numbers, Principle QN, Angular Momentum QN, Magnetic QN, Electron Spin QN, Atomic Orbitals
We have now described matter as both a particle and wave. Erwin Schrodinger was the first physicist to create an equation that treated the electron as both. This was a huge break through in mankind's understanding of the atom. Instead of discussing where an electron is, we will talk about the probability of finding an electron in a given volume around the nucleus of an atom. Schrodinger initially had a problem with discussing only probabilities and not exact locations. He developed a thought experiment that has come to be called Schrodinger's Cat. There are two videos below that describe the experiment. Currently this is the accepted idea of how the atom behaves. It will be important for you to understand the idea of probability and percents through this particular section.
We have now described matter as both a particle and wave. Erwin Schrodinger was the first physicist to create an equation that treated the electron as both. This was a huge break through in mankind's understanding of the atom. Instead of discussing where an electron is, we will talk about the probability of finding an electron in a given volume around the nucleus of an atom. Schrodinger initially had a problem with discussing only probabilities and not exact locations. He developed a thought experiment that has come to be called Schrodinger's Cat. There are two videos below that describe the experiment. Currently this is the accepted idea of how the atom behaves. It will be important for you to understand the idea of probability and percents through this particular section.
BrightStorm
|
Resources
|
|
|
Section 2-4D: Electron Configuration
Diagrams, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle, para/diamagnetic, Hund's Rule, Exceptions to Aufbau, Periodic Trends, Effective Nuclear Charge, Shielding, Atomic Radius, Electronegativity, Ionization Energy
Electrons have a probability of occupying a particular volume around a given nucleus. Electron configuration is a way to determine which space electrons inhabit within an atom. This can tell us something about the behavior of the atom itself. Electrons are the part of the atom that is responsible for chemical behavior, therefore is helps us better understand the atom if we can identify where an electron will most likely be.
Electrons have a probability of occupying a particular volume around a given nucleus. Electron configuration is a way to determine which space electrons inhabit within an atom. This can tell us something about the behavior of the atom itself. Electrons are the part of the atom that is responsible for chemical behavior, therefore is helps us better understand the atom if we can identify where an electron will most likely be.
Aufbau Principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle -Wolfgang Pauli Hund's Rule -Friedrich Hund |
Translated it means "build-up". This Principle merely describes how electrons are arranged in an atom energetically. Building up in energy.
Pauli discovered that no two electrons can have the same spin in the same atomic orbital. This rule states that if there are several possible orbitals in the same energy sub-shell of an atom then each orbital will have a single electron in it before getting a second. |
BrightStorm
|
Resources
Practice
|